Description
Synephrine is an endogenous alkaloid that can also be found in citrus fruits, Evodia, and Zanthoxylum. Synephrine exhibits vasoconstrictive, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and gastrointestinal motility modulating activities. Synephrine acts as a positive inotrope, activating adrenergic receptors (displaying partial selectivity for α-adrenergic receptors), TAAR-1 receptors, and 5-HT receptors. Synephrine decreases levels of ROS, activity of myeloperoxidase, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in the lungs of animal models of lung injury and inflammation. Additionally, synephrine inhibits gastrointestinal motility and slows gastric emptying.