Description
Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) is an organosulfur compound initially found in garlic; it exhibits anticancer chemotherapeutic, immunostimulatory, antioxidative, hepatoprotective, anti-fibrotic, anti-estrogenic, anti-metastatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and cardioprotective activities. In vivo, diallyl trisulfide inhibits lipid peroxidation, increases phase II enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, and decreases arsenic-induced hepatic dysfunction. DATS also decreases collagen deposition, hepatic stellate cell activation, fibrosis, and levels of procollagen I and α-SMA. In animal models of colitis, DATS limits NF-κB activation, STAT3 signaling, and production of COX-2 and iNOS. Diallyl trisulfide inhibits diabetic cardiomyopathy, preventing decreases in cardiac function; it also decreases Notch1 signaling and suppresses angiogenesis in osteosarcoma cells. With breast cancer cells, DATS decreases expression and activity of ERβ. In bladder carcinoma cells, DATS inhibits cellular migration and invasion and decreases matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. Additionally, DATS modulates activity of HSP27. In leukemia cells, the compound induces G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and increases activation of caspase 3; in similar in vivo models, it increases macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell activity. With animal models of glioblastoma, diallyl trisulfide increases expression of p21 and p53, decreases expression of MDM2, survivin, Bcl-2, VEGF, mTOR, and c-Myc, limits activity of HDACs, and suppresses tumor growth.