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Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a neurotoxin used in research models that inhibits neuronal voltage-gated Na+ channels at site 1. TTX can be found in Tetraodontiformes fish such as the puffer fish and ocean sunfish; it exhibits neuromodulatory and analgesic activities. In subjects experiencing cancer pain, TTX decreases reported pain levels. This compound is primarily used to study neuronal transmission and analgesia.
| Cas No. | 18660-81-6 |
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| Purity | ≥99% |
| Formula | C11H17N3O8 • C6H8O7 |
| Formula Wt. | 511.39 |
| Chemical Name | (1R,5R,6R,7S,9S,11R,13S)-3-Amino-14-(hydroxymethyl)-8,10-dioxa-2,4-diazatetracyclo[7.3.1.17,11.01,6]tetradec-2-ene-5,9,12,13,14-pentol |
| IUPAC Name | (1R,5R,6R,7S,9S,11R,13S)-3-Amino-14-(hydroxymethyl)-8,10-dioxa-2,4-diazatetracyclo[7.3.1.17,11.01,6]tetradec-2-ene-5,9,12,13,14-pentol |
| Synonym | TTX |
| Solubility | Soluble in water. |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder. |
| Store Temp | 4°C |
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| Ship Temp | Ambient |
| MSDS | |
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| Info Sheet |
Matson DJ, Hamamoto DT, Bregman H, et al. Inhibition of Inactive States of Tetrodotoxin-Sensitive Sodium Channels Reduces Spontaneous Firing of C-Fiber Nociceptors and Produces Analgesia in Formalin and Complete Freund's Adjuvant Models of Pain. PLoS One. 2015 Sep 17;10(9):e0138140. PMID: 26379236.
Eberhardt E, Havlicek S, Schmidt D, et al. Pattern of Functional TTX-Resistant Sodium Channels Reveals a Developmental Stage of Human iPSC- and ESC-Derived Nociceptors. Stem Cell Reports. 2015 Sep 8;5(3):305-13. PMID: 26321143.
Puilingi CG, Kudo Y, Cho Y, et al. Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogues in the Pufferfish Arothron hispidus and A. nigropunctatus from the Solomon Islands: A Comparison of Their Toxin Profiles with the Same Species from Okinawa, Japan. Toxins (Basel). 2015 Aug 26;7(9):3436-54. PMID: 26343722.
Hagen NA, Lapointe B, Ong-Lam M, et al. A multicentre open-label safety and efficacy study of tetrodotoxin for cancer pain. Curr Oncol. 2011 Jun;18(3):e109-16. PMID: 21655148.