Description
Geniposide is an iridoid glycoside found in species of Gardenia that exhibits antioxidative, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antiviral, and antithrombotic activities. Geniposide induces phase II enzymes and increases expression of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase. Geniposide also inhibits phosphorylation of GSK-3β and stimulates expression of GLUT2, increasing insulin secretion in β cells. In LPS-stimulated epithelial cells, geniposide decreases production of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and downregulates activation of p38 MAPK, ERK, and NF-κB. In diabetic animal models of Alzheimer’s disease, geniposide decreases hippocampal levels of amyloid-β (Aβ). This compound also decreases enterovirus yields, infectious activity, and ribosomal entry by inhibiting viral protein translation. In vitro, geniposide inhibits collagen-induced platelet aggregation and activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2).