Description
9-cis Retinoic acid is an agonist at retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoic X receptors (RXRs); it exhibits cardioprotective, neuroprotective, pro-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer chemotherapeutic activities. This compound is a derivative of vitamin A. It prevents hypoxia-induced decreases in the mitochondrial membrane potential and the induction of apoptosis and cell death in cardiomyocytes. In vivo, this compound prevents methamphetamine-induced changes in locomotor activity and tyrosine hydroxylase expression and increase levels of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7). Additionally, it decreases 6-OHDA-induced neuronal death in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. In monocytes, it decreases LPS-stimulated expression of IL-6, TNF-α, CCL3, and CCL4. In cellular and animal models of adrenocortical cancer, this compound decreases cell viability and tumor growth. It also inhibits adipogenesis. In lymphatic endothelial cells, 9-cis retinoic acid increases cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation.