Description
Risperidone is a benzisoxazole atypical antipsychotic that also exhibits antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. Risperidone acts as an antagonist at D2 receptors and 5-HT2A receptors and as an agonist at 5-HT7 receptors. In vivo, risperidone increases release of DA, 5-HT, and NE in the frontal cortex. Risperidone is also a partial uncompetitive inhibitor of D-amino acid oxidase, which inhibits oxidation of D-serine, an NMDA receptor agonist associated with the onset of schizophrenia; risperidone also inhibits D-amino acid-induced cell death in vitro. In animal models of neuroinflammation or encephalitis, risperidone increases expression of PPARγ and decreases LPS-induced expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, COX, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB.