Description
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) exhibits bronchodilatory, vasodilatory, and immunomodulatory activities. VIP increases levels of IL-10, Foxp3, and TGF-β in vivo and prevents LPS-induced expression of IL-6 and MCP-1 in vitro. VIP appears to play a significant role in respiratory inflammation. VIP activates VPAC1/2 receptors.